Stoic(noun): a person who can endure pain or hardship without showing their feelings or complaining.
起源
传说 Zeno of Citium 在沉船之后一无所有，来到雅典学习哲学，在吸收了犬儒主义和苏格拉底的思想后创立了斯多葛派。
斯多葛派起初以芝诺的名字命名，但为了避免个人崇拜，改为以他们交流思想的聚集地 Stoa Poikile(painted porch) 命名。
理所当然也从中世纪没落，文艺复兴再复活，中间影响了不少哲学家，现在又被各种媒体传播。
代表人
- 芝诺
- 塞内卡
- 爱比克泰德
- 马尔库斯·奥列里乌斯
芝诺等前期人物的思想基本只剩传说，留下可考据文档的主要是后期三位。
观念
- 宇宙由 logos 组成
- 宿命论
- 崇尚自然
- 伦理：四美德 Courage、Temperance、Justice、Wisdom
- 对抗 passion（狂热，例如愤怒）
- 追求 Apatheia（冷静），提倡通过反省和控制情感来实现内在平静与幸福
实践
都是一些有效达到 Apatheia 的方法。
控制的二分法
The chief task in life is simply this: to identify and separate matters so that I can say clearly to myself which are externals not under my control, and which have to do with the choices I actually control. Where then do I look for good and evil? Not to uncontrollable externals, but within myself to the choices that are my own …
— Epictetus
非常接近 REBT
转瞬即逝
Run down the list of those who felt intense anger at something: the most famous, the most unfortunate, the most hated, the most whatever: Where is all that now? Smoke, dust, legend…or not even a legend. Think of all the examples. And how trivial the things we want so passionately are.
— Marcus Aurelius
- 近大远小
Premeditatio Malorum
- 消极想象
- 相当于现在的暴露疗法
Memento Mori
- 终有一死
- 人生无常
- 最后一次
- eg. 乔布斯
Amor Fati
To love only what happens, what was destined. No greater harmony.
— Marcus Aurelius
- 热爱命运
- 类似中国的尽人事，听天命